{"id":23008,"date":"2024-06-09T23:02:31","date_gmt":"2024-06-09T20:02:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/?p=23008"},"modified":"2024-06-09T23:02:31","modified_gmt":"2024-06-09T20:02:31","slug":"%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%bd%d1%8f-%d0%be%d1%81%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bb%d1%8e-%d1%81%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%ba%d1%82-%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b1%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b3%d0%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%bd%d1%8f-%d0%be%d1%81%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bb%d1%8e-%d1%81%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%ba%d1%82-%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b1%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b3%d0%b0\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443 I \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f 352 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\"><strong class=\"\">\u041d\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0418\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443 I<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-54.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/yvD--VjYZ2Jdgi5lsdA14dE6no8HadbMuhiLNg\\\/y0XaG995O-0.jpg?size=75x50&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=d3ec64ad2979fb4fd166b1b1c659aef0&#038;type=album\",75,50],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-54.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/yvD--VjYZ2Jdgi5lsdA14dE6no8HadbMuhiLNg\\\/y0XaG995O-0.jpg?size=130x87&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=171ffb60e855ead7f39e31fcd1e4f018&#038;type=album\",130,87],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-54.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/yvD--VjYZ2Jdgi5lsdA14dE6no8HadbMuhiLNg\\\/y0XaG995O-0.jpg?size=604x403&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=045b9b76a1450c91b882f23124b8f233&#038;type=album\",604,403],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-54.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/yvD--VjYZ2Jdgi5lsdA14dE6no8HadbMuhiLNg\\\/y0XaG995O-0.jpg?size=807x539&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=2cf28836c72aa370cd35c7720d5724bd&#038;type=album\",807,539],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-54.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/yvD--VjYZ2Jdgi5lsdA14dE6no8HadbMuhiLNg\\\/y0XaG995O-0.jpg?size=1280x855&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=1b0fc5e1c05b56233d9ce57c0e9017a7&#038;type=album\",1280,855],\"w\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-54.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/yvD--VjYZ2Jdgi5lsdA14dE6no8HadbMuhiLNg\\\/y0XaG995O-0.jpg?size=1920x1282&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=2444ee5b0fbc684dc85b2667c69d9027&#038;type=album\",1920,1282]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-54.userapi.com\/impg\/yvD--VjYZ2Jdgi5lsdA14dE6no8HadbMuhiLNg\/y0XaG995O-0.jpg?size=807x539&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=2cf28836c72aa370cd35c7720d5724bd&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21161\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\"><strong class=\"\">\u041c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u044c. \u0421\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0451\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u044b\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u0441 \u0436\u0435\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435. \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u0447, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043c\u0435\u0447 \u0443 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0451\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u0437\u043b \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043e \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0423\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438!<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0412\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0432 1724 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0437\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"1\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-7.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Q5IYGt9SnmY_p76FIJs4xD8J7s-0QF9wGjk4Lw\\\/RxpvcuuCEpk.jpg?size=58x75&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=f21ed6899c115de7ae35668c7d20a4e8&#038;type=album\",58,75],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-7.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Q5IYGt9SnmY_p76FIJs4xD8J7s-0QF9wGjk4Lw\\\/RxpvcuuCEpk.jpg?size=101x130&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=9c9ff3563bc621a46e1bc3ced2279c09&#038;type=album\",101,130],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-7.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Q5IYGt9SnmY_p76FIJs4xD8J7s-0QF9wGjk4Lw\\\/RxpvcuuCEpk.jpg?size=470x604&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=eee7a9ef10e6f4c98cce8a3e84f174f8&#038;type=album\",470,604],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-7.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Q5IYGt9SnmY_p76FIJs4xD8J7s-0QF9wGjk4Lw\\\/RxpvcuuCEpk.jpg?size=627x807&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=e27abb248320e2547c2840d6ebfc6e55&#038;type=album\",627,807],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-7.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Q5IYGt9SnmY_p76FIJs4xD8J7s-0QF9wGjk4Lw\\\/RxpvcuuCEpk.jpg?size=840x1080&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=65c31a79231464f3e4f70e9887ef853a&#038;type=album\",840,1080],\"w\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-7.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Q5IYGt9SnmY_p76FIJs4xD8J7s-0QF9wGjk4Lw\\\/RxpvcuuCEpk.jpg?size=933x1200&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=f577bb410d97a7b4fe687e9df8fc8739&#038;type=album\",933,1200]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-7.userapi.com\/impg\/Q5IYGt9SnmY_p76FIJs4xD8J7s-0QF9wGjk4Lw\/RxpvcuuCEpk.jpg?size=470x604&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=eee7a9ef10e6f4c98cce8a3e84f174f8&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21162\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0441\u044b\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043e \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438 \u0432 1747 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u00ab\u041a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0414\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u044b\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0417\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b II \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0443, \u0430 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044c \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0451\u043c\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u044e \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0434. \u0412\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0451\u043d.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0418 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u043a \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I &#8211; \u041f\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b I \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044e \u0441 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0412 1797 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0451 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 1799 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0444\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u043a\u00bb.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-25.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/nfey9RfqVvMRhbqNQboxwiMVY-QbGDrr4PVbrQ\\\/ZXuJAw69X6k.jpg?size=75x44&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8ce5a10797a6ab5c751ad8f327ca1d80&#038;type=album\",75,44],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-25.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/nfey9RfqVvMRhbqNQboxwiMVY-QbGDrr4PVbrQ\\\/ZXuJAw69X6k.jpg?size=130x76&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0dacfe34774fd69b239540db82f98dd1&#038;type=album\",130,76],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-25.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/nfey9RfqVvMRhbqNQboxwiMVY-QbGDrr4PVbrQ\\\/ZXuJAw69X6k.jpg?size=604x353&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=5ec5accb0ebdbaae3e880937cca99963&#038;type=album\",604,353],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-25.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/nfey9RfqVvMRhbqNQboxwiMVY-QbGDrr4PVbrQ\\\/ZXuJAw69X6k.jpg?size=807x472&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=3ad57eca23162019d8b3b9601cfb5080&#038;type=album\",807,472],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-25.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/nfey9RfqVvMRhbqNQboxwiMVY-QbGDrr4PVbrQ\\\/ZXuJAw69X6k.jpg?size=1133x663&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=dfe65acc48401893d355201926733c49&#038;type=album\",1133,663]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-25.userapi.com\/impg\/nfey9RfqVvMRhbqNQboxwiMVY-QbGDrr4PVbrQ\/ZXuJAw69X6k.jpg?size=807x472&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=3ad57eca23162019d8b3b9601cfb5080&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21163\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u041a\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u044f \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430-\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u044f. \u041a\u043b\u0451\u043d\u044b, \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0435\u0451 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0435\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0430 I \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445\u044d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/eJrrg-Xglas9JqfkZrVOszYm--v08Sm1fTeEyQ\\\/N_buXLiJvEs.jpg?size=75x48&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=38369996e284d3f98405cb8ca5b1b309&#038;type=album\",75,48],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/eJrrg-Xglas9JqfkZrVOszYm--v08Sm1fTeEyQ\\\/N_buXLiJvEs.jpg?size=130x83&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=ce0e13eff69286e817efcd7db2a22da3&#038;type=album\",130,83],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/eJrrg-Xglas9JqfkZrVOszYm--v08Sm1fTeEyQ\\\/N_buXLiJvEs.jpg?size=604x388&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=9d13eebdcc7dedb1a6a7a10db81964e3&#038;type=album\",604,388],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/eJrrg-Xglas9JqfkZrVOszYm--v08Sm1fTeEyQ\\\/N_buXLiJvEs.jpg?size=807x518&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=d870dfa4cafbb1b72f7a84172cf12a19&#038;type=album\",807,518],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/eJrrg-Xglas9JqfkZrVOszYm--v08Sm1fTeEyQ\\\/N_buXLiJvEs.jpg?size=1212x778&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=08dd9cfabc21f5737c126ab2434b0503&#038;type=album\",1212,778]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-17.userapi.com\/impg\/eJrrg-Xglas9JqfkZrVOszYm--v08Sm1fTeEyQ\/N_buXLiJvEs.jpg?size=807x518&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=d870dfa4cafbb1b72f7a84172cf12a19&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21164\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0443\u043b\u0430, \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0437\u0430\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0428\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043b \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u041a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044f. \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0451\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-56.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/y9gFNDho1VB2S09Zt4fcvX3xTIUloo5ViM_K6Q\\\/7mEEgdJOJhQ.jpg?size=75x54&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=b8c051e3eeba2f2388240573b46674ad&#038;type=album\",75,54],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-56.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/y9gFNDho1VB2S09Zt4fcvX3xTIUloo5ViM_K6Q\\\/7mEEgdJOJhQ.jpg?size=130x94&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=e83419501c9d5f7c5c5a5581ac5d095d&#038;type=album\",130,94],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-56.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/y9gFNDho1VB2S09Zt4fcvX3xTIUloo5ViM_K6Q\\\/7mEEgdJOJhQ.jpg?size=604x435&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=4b6ab880dfead93b09daa48f67dfa377&#038;type=album\",604,435],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-56.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/y9gFNDho1VB2S09Zt4fcvX3xTIUloo5ViM_K6Q\\\/7mEEgdJOJhQ.jpg?size=807x582&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=86d4edee5328a7618e5cd795065909c9&#038;type=album\",807,582],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-56.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/y9gFNDho1VB2S09Zt4fcvX3xTIUloo5ViM_K6Q\\\/7mEEgdJOJhQ.jpg?size=820x591&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=bc235b55da03564fb77d8d3e66c1505a&#038;type=album\",820,591]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-56.userapi.com\/impg\/y9gFNDho1VB2S09Zt4fcvX3xTIUloo5ViM_K6Q\/7mEEgdJOJhQ.jpg?size=807x582&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=86d4edee5328a7618e5cd795065909c9&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21165\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0446\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u041f\u0451\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I; \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0451\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0410 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-26.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ASJn-7zrbGQ8M5N2Y0jSbmGd6L8J66ieXP8qqA\\\/tGsu8dcFflU.jpg?size=75x42&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=f7f61dec0bcc23c41bbc32ec5134dc4e&#038;type=album\",75,42],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-26.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ASJn-7zrbGQ8M5N2Y0jSbmGd6L8J66ieXP8qqA\\\/tGsu8dcFflU.jpg?size=130x73&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=861f6ec09c4f2aa4e69de5c6ea59b42c&#038;type=album\",130,73],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-26.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ASJn-7zrbGQ8M5N2Y0jSbmGd6L8J66ieXP8qqA\\\/tGsu8dcFflU.jpg?size=604x340&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=4b8745fccd9f3f410590fbe1433f8d9c&#038;type=album\",604,340],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-26.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ASJn-7zrbGQ8M5N2Y0jSbmGd6L8J66ieXP8qqA\\\/tGsu8dcFflU.jpg?size=807x454&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=1de4ca9ef95070db3a05b7764acc0430&#038;type=album\",807,454],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-26.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ASJn-7zrbGQ8M5N2Y0jSbmGd6L8J66ieXP8qqA\\\/tGsu8dcFflU.jpg?size=1070x602&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8ad0bcadc67ecf9d477cae3b6f4b6a6f&#038;type=album\",1070,602]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-26.userapi.com\/impg\/ASJn-7zrbGQ8M5N2Y0jSbmGd6L8J66ieXP8qqA\/tGsu8dcFflU.jpg?size=807x454&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=1de4ca9ef95070db3a05b7764acc0430&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21166\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0444\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0451\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435. \u0421 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0443\u0442\u0435, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-22.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/bMwv0CqH_BkKV5EZ_dD5EAnWYIkDZNhwvXaHOA\\\/hSY14yXfXNk.jpg?size=75x42&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=a5335900be6279c8dd88c28609668a5f&#038;type=album\",75,42],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-22.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/bMwv0CqH_BkKV5EZ_dD5EAnWYIkDZNhwvXaHOA\\\/hSY14yXfXNk.jpg?size=130x73&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0abd3709e318524ec921221afb830019&#038;type=album\",130,73],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-22.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/bMwv0CqH_BkKV5EZ_dD5EAnWYIkDZNhwvXaHOA\\\/hSY14yXfXNk.jpg?size=604x340&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=d0e73a6fd0060a714b64f01d22e082fc&#038;type=album\",604,340],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-22.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/bMwv0CqH_BkKV5EZ_dD5EAnWYIkDZNhwvXaHOA\\\/hSY14yXfXNk.jpg?size=807x454&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=d6cb24f6799686c420c35963101e7997&#038;type=album\",807,454],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-22.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/bMwv0CqH_BkKV5EZ_dD5EAnWYIkDZNhwvXaHOA\\\/hSY14yXfXNk.jpg?size=1070x602&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=e73b005d49663654ad8394ff73bc02d4&#038;type=album\",1070,602]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-22.userapi.com\/impg\/bMwv0CqH_BkKV5EZ_dD5EAnWYIkDZNhwvXaHOA\/hSY14yXfXNk.jpg?size=807x454&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=d6cb24f6799686c420c35963101e7997&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21167\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0411\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0443\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0432 1714 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0451\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0445\u0438\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0435\u043a, \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441 \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-74.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/cAxFTrOcNzXfnZ-w-PwSCw5WL4V6DZZDQWtVVQ\\\/Xerqj4wG7ss.jpg?size=75x51&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=1781678d9187906904152c310bb7ad7e&#038;type=album\",75,51],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-74.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/cAxFTrOcNzXfnZ-w-PwSCw5WL4V6DZZDQWtVVQ\\\/Xerqj4wG7ss.jpg?size=130x88&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8361bcd4763a84a9b62ce20c74635393&#038;type=album\",130,88],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-74.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/cAxFTrOcNzXfnZ-w-PwSCw5WL4V6DZZDQWtVVQ\\\/Xerqj4wG7ss.jpg?size=604x408&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=6ff494348b82561031c89cc2f85856ff&#038;type=album\",604,408],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-74.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/cAxFTrOcNzXfnZ-w-PwSCw5WL4V6DZZDQWtVVQ\\\/Xerqj4wG7ss.jpg?size=807x545&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0666b133a544691a2ad7e170cfead4a6&#038;type=album\",807,545],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-74.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/cAxFTrOcNzXfnZ-w-PwSCw5WL4V6DZZDQWtVVQ\\\/Xerqj4wG7ss.jpg?size=1200x810&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=412b418d12b3208643aa135bb8f07279&#038;type=album\",1200,810]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-74.userapi.com\/impg\/cAxFTrOcNzXfnZ-w-PwSCw5WL4V6DZZDQWtVVQ\/Xerqj4wG7ss.jpg?size=807x545&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0666b133a544691a2ad7e170cfead4a6&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21168\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u041f\u044c\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443 I \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443 I \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0446 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043a\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-19.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/JgcMe3JQVndi8rjOpJiZHs-CZX8AOtMA3oVnNQ\\\/s6w5KAthjbA.jpg?size=75x56&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=f218a7773b61bc4cc1dee944363d1a17&#038;type=album\",75,56],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-19.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/JgcMe3JQVndi8rjOpJiZHs-CZX8AOtMA3oVnNQ\\\/s6w5KAthjbA.jpg?size=130x97&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=68c3c2892592542683b296766d403f8e&#038;type=album\",130,97],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-19.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/JgcMe3JQVndi8rjOpJiZHs-CZX8AOtMA3oVnNQ\\\/s6w5KAthjbA.jpg?size=604x452&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=7682e9822808eaac991926da52f982de&#038;type=album\",604,452],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-19.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/JgcMe3JQVndi8rjOpJiZHs-CZX8AOtMA3oVnNQ\\\/s6w5KAthjbA.jpg?size=769x576&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=6e94fdb946289004937614c13855eaba&#038;type=album\",769,576]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-19.userapi.com\/impg\/JgcMe3JQVndi8rjOpJiZHs-CZX8AOtMA3oVnNQ\/s6w5KAthjbA.jpg?size=769x576&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=6e94fdb946289004937614c13855eaba&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21169\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last\">\u0412 1941 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0435\u0451 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u044c\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b, \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0418\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443 I \u041c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u044c. \u0421\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0451\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u044b\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u0441 \u0436\u0435\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435. \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u0447, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23009,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23008","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23008","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23008"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23008\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23010,"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23008\/revisions\/23010"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23009"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23008"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23008"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23008"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}