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data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-11.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/LuqqbG-QreEYWPnhns4N_6pC20pKfRMj3yqTbg\\\/tEOkr4f94io.jpg?size=75x50&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=ca993aa69d6024dcac2d140c99c4e18a&#038;type=album\",75,50],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-11.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/LuqqbG-QreEYWPnhns4N_6pC20pKfRMj3yqTbg\\\/tEOkr4f94io.jpg?size=130x87&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=fca3bc8432bc7bd75a1e529153e64b57&#038;type=album\",130,87],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-11.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/LuqqbG-QreEYWPnhns4N_6pC20pKfRMj3yqTbg\\\/tEOkr4f94io.jpg?size=604x403&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=14a9cac2d11a4029aa5919b76bbad4a1&#038;type=album\",604,403],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-11.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/LuqqbG-QreEYWPnhns4N_6pC20pKfRMj3yqTbg\\\/tEOkr4f94io.jpg?size=807x538&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=68d4f34746dbebe704c05f5b077838fc&#038;type=album\",807,538],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-11.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/LuqqbG-QreEYWPnhns4N_6pC20pKfRMj3yqTbg\\\/tEOkr4f94io.jpg?size=1024x683&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=a8396b7d8912c5b147904369ff4372ba&#038;type=album\",1024,683]}]\"><img 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\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0412 XIV \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 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data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" 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decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-37.userapi.com\/impg\/CTz1ZQJc601I5QqJk5nlXc4qu6PuH4AQ5bNB7g\/S-R-UYhcU_s.jpg?size=807x496&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0b0604651cff9f48633c76b536d5b086&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0421\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21162\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0412 1571 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u00ab\u0423\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u041f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438 \u2014 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 1754 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0443\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1780-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 II \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043f\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430 \u00ab<strong class=\"\">\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432<\/strong>\u00bb \u2014 \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-10.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/FlZ5ucaYWk8BSQJGIUeSHKhEuj62158pFspSkw\\\/0p4yoCtHj0c.jpg?size=75x53&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=7e4a45163c9f6c06c0386950dbafe56b&#038;type=album\",75,53],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-10.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/FlZ5ucaYWk8BSQJGIUeSHKhEuj62158pFspSkw\\\/0p4yoCtHj0c.jpg?size=130x92&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=ae52f82ef4de1e841d38bcbb1c11b3ff&#038;type=album\",130,92],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-10.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/FlZ5ucaYWk8BSQJGIUeSHKhEuj62158pFspSkw\\\/0p4yoCtHj0c.jpg?size=604x425&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=9fb545361c86410c0fa986c6000b7423&#038;type=album\",604,425],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-10.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/FlZ5ucaYWk8BSQJGIUeSHKhEuj62158pFspSkw\\\/0p4yoCtHj0c.jpg?size=807x568&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0ad1014120182df91250e144401a19a1&#038;type=album\",807,568],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-10.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/FlZ5ucaYWk8BSQJGIUeSHKhEuj62158pFspSkw\\\/0p4yoCtHj0c.jpg?size=1200x845&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=24034bfc55e5ee39e66fa461ddf5c932&#038;type=album\",1200,845]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-10.userapi.com\/impg\/FlZ5ucaYWk8BSQJGIUeSHKhEuj62158pFspSkw\/0p4yoCtHj0c.jpg?size=807x568&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0ad1014120182df91250e144401a19a1&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0421\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21163\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u00bb. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0421\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-45.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Xga9RxT3fEG0YCnwIgch9S3jQQNRFXYYPXytCA\\\/CEumEoYm50o.jpg?size=75x56&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8bb1fda31ad9443edd377e4a0f837768&#038;type=album\",75,56],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-45.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Xga9RxT3fEG0YCnwIgch9S3jQQNRFXYYPXytCA\\\/CEumEoYm50o.jpg?size=130x97&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=c7f76d19ddadb9c87801c400aacd73e8&#038;type=album\",130,97],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-45.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Xga9RxT3fEG0YCnwIgch9S3jQQNRFXYYPXytCA\\\/CEumEoYm50o.jpg?size=604x453&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=6f10777f30b0940400b0d9e4cec60b54&#038;type=album\",604,453],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-45.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Xga9RxT3fEG0YCnwIgch9S3jQQNRFXYYPXytCA\\\/CEumEoYm50o.jpg?size=807x605&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=b5c1be8438e682eb5d1f791d95b5fcb1&#038;type=album\",807,605],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-45.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Xga9RxT3fEG0YCnwIgch9S3jQQNRFXYYPXytCA\\\/CEumEoYm50o.jpg?size=1280x960&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=34318ca0a99d5d77883dabd226ed769c&#038;type=album\",1280,960],\"w\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-45.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Xga9RxT3fEG0YCnwIgch9S3jQQNRFXYYPXytCA\\\/CEumEoYm50o.jpg?size=2048x1536&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=b0a6278fc295b0fb67b3578af367ad23&#038;type=album\",2048,1536]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-45.userapi.com\/impg\/Xga9RxT3fEG0YCnwIgch9S3jQQNRFXYYPXytCA\/CEumEoYm50o.jpg?size=807x605&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=b5c1be8438e682eb5d1f791d95b5fcb1&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0421\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21164\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0421 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0411\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0435.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432 1918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 2003 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b (\u0424\u041f\u0421) \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0424\u0421\u0411.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-46.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/YAz-QmpgVjw9Et3_6LEDNK6T3Xxsi4VibQ6kRQ\\\/oi0g4t1ot-o.jpg?size=75x50&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=7d9cfe8dfa44bec40f6114c85502d264&#038;type=album\",75,50],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-46.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/YAz-QmpgVjw9Et3_6LEDNK6T3Xxsi4VibQ6kRQ\\\/oi0g4t1ot-o.jpg?size=130x87&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=09ee281775dc19276f6038dcfa57d00e&#038;type=album\",130,87],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-46.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/YAz-QmpgVjw9Et3_6LEDNK6T3Xxsi4VibQ6kRQ\\\/oi0g4t1ot-o.jpg?size=604x403&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=9a862b3a6dd194a6e7d5eaf1aeca65b0&#038;type=album\",604,403],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-46.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/YAz-QmpgVjw9Et3_6LEDNK6T3Xxsi4VibQ6kRQ\\\/oi0g4t1ot-o.jpg?size=807x538&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=516438d35126820a0f3290aa5657e1a9&#038;type=album\",807,538],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-46.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/YAz-QmpgVjw9Et3_6LEDNK6T3Xxsi4VibQ6kRQ\\\/oi0g4t1ot-o.jpg?size=1000x667&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=176d3a293ad8f637f79a0d4631df7982&#038;type=album\",1000,667]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-46.userapi.com\/impg\/YAz-QmpgVjw9Et3_6LEDNK6T3Xxsi4VibQ6kRQ\/oi0g4t1ot-o.jpg?size=807x538&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=516438d35126820a0f3290aa5657e1a9&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0421\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21165\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0410 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0414\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 1958 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, 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\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420. \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u041f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0421\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 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\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 2003-\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u041f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u0424\u0421\u0411 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443\u044e, \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u043e-\u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e-\u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0441 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-62.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ZI3Sy3nIBA0RCixdqomS1r4VDu2dfMXgRqkf6Q\\\/GDsyBQbGALY.jpg?size=75x50&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=050723bc0b2a90460ffd1863f5be1729&#038;type=album\",75,50],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-62.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ZI3Sy3nIBA0RCixdqomS1r4VDu2dfMXgRqkf6Q\\\/GDsyBQbGALY.jpg?size=130x87&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=4d4b7335360fb4e3c1c32f37d2b74cd5&#038;type=album\",130,87],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-62.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ZI3Sy3nIBA0RCixdqomS1r4VDu2dfMXgRqkf6Q\\\/GDsyBQbGALY.jpg?size=604x402&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=2f1cdf65e19c9496abfc2b7eb668b62c&#038;type=album\",604,402],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-62.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ZI3Sy3nIBA0RCixdqomS1r4VDu2dfMXgRqkf6Q\\\/GDsyBQbGALY.jpg?size=800x533&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=1ea5156e7960f571784bb9ad1de99b8e&#038;type=album\",800,533]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-62.userapi.com\/impg\/ZI3Sy3nIBA0RCixdqomS1r4VDu2dfMXgRqkf6Q\/GDsyBQbGALY.jpg?size=800x533&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=1ea5156e7960f571784bb9ad1de99b8e&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0421\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21166\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u2014 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0410 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 70 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043a\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0441 18 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438!<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0412 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0421\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430? \u041d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u0421\u0411 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" 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