{"id":15127,"date":"2023-08-19T10:14:26","date_gmt":"2023-08-19T07:14:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/?p=15127"},"modified":"2023-08-19T10:14:26","modified_gmt":"2023-08-19T07:14:26","slug":"%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d1%87%d0%b0%d1%81-%d0%b5%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b1%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b3-%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d1%87%d0%b0%d1%81-%d0%b5%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b1%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b3-%d1%81%d1%82%d0%be\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 &#8220;\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 &#8211; \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last\">\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430<span id=\"ekaterinburg-stolitsa-urala\" class=\"article_anchor_button\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<blockquote class=\"article_decoration_first\"><p><strong class=\"\"><em class=\"\">\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 490 \u043a\u0432. \u043a\u043c. \u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 1,5 \u043c\u043b\u043d. \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a. \u041f\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\"><p><strong class=\"\"><em class=\"\">\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-13.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Ffpm5pY-GCw7ShdgenZIklQDIduY6CS7pWFjJQ\\\/ck-sp-5VKiU.jpg?size=75x50&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=a944cb0189ccb29f794e56482bd461c1&#038;type=album\",75,50],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-13.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Ffpm5pY-GCw7ShdgenZIklQDIduY6CS7pWFjJQ\\\/ck-sp-5VKiU.jpg?size=130x87&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=f8227c06621fbee11c10ade5c41d80c7&#038;type=album\",130,87],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-13.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Ffpm5pY-GCw7ShdgenZIklQDIduY6CS7pWFjJQ\\\/ck-sp-5VKiU.jpg?size=604x402&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8bb35b2916825b07b27bd2f2d79492e0&#038;type=album\",604,402],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-13.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Ffpm5pY-GCw7ShdgenZIklQDIduY6CS7pWFjJQ\\\/ck-sp-5VKiU.jpg?size=807x538&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=717463edf8eef6180ac3794e04e1e335&#038;type=album\",807,538],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-13.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Ffpm5pY-GCw7ShdgenZIklQDIduY6CS7pWFjJQ\\\/ck-sp-5VKiU.jpg?size=1280x853&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=928f08e8bb8f1a30e0acb6e0a3903cdc&#038;type=album\",1280,853],\"w\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-13.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/Ffpm5pY-GCw7ShdgenZIklQDIduY6CS7pWFjJQ\\\/ck-sp-5VKiU.jpg?size=1501x1000&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=bef49c2390ed8b4edd6980202cb254de&#038;type=album\",1501,1000]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-13.userapi.com\/impg\/Ffpm5pY-GCw7ShdgenZIklQDIduY6CS7pWFjJQ\/ck-sp-5VKiU.jpg?size=807x538&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=717463edf8eef6180ac3794e04e1e335&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21161\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u2013 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446, \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 XIX \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044f\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0451\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-27.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/33DM-txZNtcr8xXEkFXnqf4CmAPDn-z42RtUUw\\\/xQXOHdOUt8w.jpg?size=75x50&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=75f90efee1c7d5ac9e49491cf267cd13&#038;type=album\",75,50],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-27.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/33DM-txZNtcr8xXEkFXnqf4CmAPDn-z42RtUUw\\\/xQXOHdOUt8w.jpg?size=130x87&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=72d7634ea7c8017cbcf5ad132b7ebdc8&#038;type=album\",130,87],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-27.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/33DM-txZNtcr8xXEkFXnqf4CmAPDn-z42RtUUw\\\/xQXOHdOUt8w.jpg?size=604x403&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=5f5ea95d8f9b8d053add27a5dd9a1bd2&#038;type=album\",604,403],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-27.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/33DM-txZNtcr8xXEkFXnqf4CmAPDn-z42RtUUw\\\/xQXOHdOUt8w.jpg?size=807x538&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=92a9bc0206d19c4c7eecc3125aed4847&#038;type=album\",807,538],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-27.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/33DM-txZNtcr8xXEkFXnqf4CmAPDn-z42RtUUw\\\/xQXOHdOUt8w.jpg?size=1280x853&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=890c151e9698387568e8179f7f92c029&#038;type=album\",1280,853],\"w\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-27.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/33DM-txZNtcr8xXEkFXnqf4CmAPDn-z42RtUUw\\\/xQXOHdOUt8w.jpg?size=2048x1365&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=e66e43ec3e9fe954249944504bb4ba6c&#038;type=album\",2048,1365]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-27.userapi.com\/impg\/33DM-txZNtcr8xXEkFXnqf4CmAPDn-z42RtUUw\/xQXOHdOUt8w.jpg?size=807x538&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=92a9bc0206d19c4c7eecc3125aed4847&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21162\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u041f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0432\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 1619 \u0438 1672 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-46.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/tvLyboG9YpiDuHx1Hfl5y0DgyUmCV1lefspnqg\\\/KTE4sW6uiuA.jpg?size=75x43&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=c99c4b88abb703cab8ebe83ed3f7cabe&#038;type=album\",75,43],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-46.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/tvLyboG9YpiDuHx1Hfl5y0DgyUmCV1lefspnqg\\\/KTE4sW6uiuA.jpg?size=130x75&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=9d993db569a01d244379270d3af749f0&#038;type=album\",130,75],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-46.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/tvLyboG9YpiDuHx1Hfl5y0DgyUmCV1lefspnqg\\\/KTE4sW6uiuA.jpg?size=604x347&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=359f2bd351026070653b8641e42bb129&#038;type=album\",604,347],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-46.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/tvLyboG9YpiDuHx1Hfl5y0DgyUmCV1lefspnqg\\\/KTE4sW6uiuA.jpg?size=807x463&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=6b1892ab9ee5f145cfa3c1c78766c8a3&#038;type=album\",807,463],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-46.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/tvLyboG9YpiDuHx1Hfl5y0DgyUmCV1lefspnqg\\\/KTE4sW6uiuA.jpg?size=997x572&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=b1127da31f2b9740efc001bd2a7650e6&#038;type=album\",997,572]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-46.userapi.com\/impg\/tvLyboG9YpiDuHx1Hfl5y0DgyUmCV1lefspnqg\/KTE4sW6uiuA.jpg?size=807x463&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=6b1892ab9ee5f145cfa3c1c78766c8a3&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21163\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last\">\u0412 80-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b XVII \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a \u041d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0446\u044b, \u0430 \u0432 1702 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432 \u2013 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041f\u0451\u0442\u0440 I \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0423\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u0418\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440, \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u043c\u0430\u0439\u043e\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433 \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c \u0434\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043d, \u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 19 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1723 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last\"><p><strong class=\"\">\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u041d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044e \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u043c\u0430\u0439\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0443 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data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-79.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/cAvzY1IGYFYsevN8UP8Cxxrd0emsGoSIj5YOOA\\\/g88-JRt6SlE.jpg?size=75x42&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=2fb4cb8109d45d9c42aba0ad97568d98&#038;type=album\",75,42],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-79.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/cAvzY1IGYFYsevN8UP8Cxxrd0emsGoSIj5YOOA\\\/g88-JRt6SlE.jpg?size=130x73&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=3aa9e740e5cf842e285f62c43ede4a3d&#038;type=album\",130,73],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-79.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/cAvzY1IGYFYsevN8UP8Cxxrd0emsGoSIj5YOOA\\\/g88-JRt6SlE.jpg?size=604x340&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=19e6755119bda9d3d652d4acd3e94b3b&#038;type=album\",604,340],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-79.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/cAvzY1IGYFYsevN8UP8Cxxrd0emsGoSIj5YOOA\\\/g88-JRt6SlE.jpg?size=807x454&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=174fe5c76aa98e9933a1b394a3a34f28&#038;type=album\",807,454],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-79.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/cAvzY1IGYFYsevN8UP8Cxxrd0emsGoSIj5YOOA\\\/g88-JRt6SlE.jpg?size=1280x720&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=b3ae145cd54c85fc24840df8d2744cbc&#038;type=album\",1280,720]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-79.userapi.com\/impg\/cAvzY1IGYFYsevN8UP8Cxxrd0emsGoSIj5YOOA\/g88-JRt6SlE.jpg?size=807x454&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=174fe5c76aa98e9933a1b394a3a34f28&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u041f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044e \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0443 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0443 \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0432 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\u041f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044e \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0443 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0443 \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0432 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435\"]\">\u041f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044e \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0443 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0443 \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0432 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0432 1781 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435 II. \u041a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c 80% \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0433, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c. \u041d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-50.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/WYXqKXaGs49EM8ec7ozHlq7LR8Yacq_uZAXuEQ\\\/MNucbgmxvCM.jpg?size=75x41&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=2760490a317be41bb4b880ada757a09b&#038;type=album\",75,41],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-50.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/WYXqKXaGs49EM8ec7ozHlq7LR8Yacq_uZAXuEQ\\\/MNucbgmxvCM.jpg?size=130x71&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=005246b4b0986a42adfc900fe4b1808b&#038;type=album\",130,71],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-50.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/WYXqKXaGs49EM8ec7ozHlq7LR8Yacq_uZAXuEQ\\\/MNucbgmxvCM.jpg?size=604x330&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=62e407d04e0c0c8c9666e0c4508264b7&#038;type=album\",604,330],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-50.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/WYXqKXaGs49EM8ec7ozHlq7LR8Yacq_uZAXuEQ\\\/MNucbgmxvCM.jpg?size=807x441&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0b026d83e25137179b5654da31f26b73&#038;type=album\",807,441],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-50.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/WYXqKXaGs49EM8ec7ozHlq7LR8Yacq_uZAXuEQ\\\/MNucbgmxvCM.jpg?size=1280x700&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=36c7a614c4c9ec7fe865f25bcf39904c&#038;type=album\",1280,700]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-50.userapi.com\/impg\/WYXqKXaGs49EM8ec7ozHlq7LR8Yacq_uZAXuEQ\/MNucbgmxvCM.jpg?size=807x441&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0b026d83e25137179b5654da31f26b73&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21165\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last\">\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u00bb, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\"><p><strong class=\"\">\u041a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u044c \u0441 \u0435\u0451 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-48.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/fL-ocayI_Giixs3JbijBGcFYSeHTGyIsv8Jlmw\\\/9Sqw3i3YDXU.jpg?size=75x49&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=14d0f9fe227637222ce97cf05a1942d1&#038;type=album\",75,49],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-48.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/fL-ocayI_Giixs3JbijBGcFYSeHTGyIsv8Jlmw\\\/9Sqw3i3YDXU.jpg?size=130x84&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=03343da2cd24e9438ca2789e882fb5ca&#038;type=album\",130,84],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-48.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/fL-ocayI_Giixs3JbijBGcFYSeHTGyIsv8Jlmw\\\/9Sqw3i3YDXU.jpg?size=604x392&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=44e61c3871c885fa8258d55c6aaf08f2&#038;type=album\",604,392],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-48.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/fL-ocayI_Giixs3JbijBGcFYSeHTGyIsv8Jlmw\\\/9Sqw3i3YDXU.jpg?size=807x524&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=3d36af9955718d19190b6c8f6c698c81&#038;type=album\",807,524],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-48.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/fL-ocayI_Giixs3JbijBGcFYSeHTGyIsv8Jlmw\\\/9Sqw3i3YDXU.jpg?size=1149x746&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8d45afce63b0d9aa6d2a2e8776fc55f9&#038;type=album\",1149,746]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-48.userapi.com\/impg\/fL-ocayI_Giixs3JbijBGcFYSeHTGyIsv8Jlmw\/9Sqw3i3YDXU.jpg?size=807x524&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=3d36af9955718d19190b6c8f6c698c81&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21166\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0446\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043c\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u044f\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u041d\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2013 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u043b\u0451\u0433\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-60.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/DwkpKgc5HJvR9Rc103baIYAFpsL6nK7jzWuNnw\\\/lntd1O6qYCI.jpg?size=75x40&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=66cd078a7afdd09de2f905ff374fac59&#038;type=album\",75,40],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-60.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/DwkpKgc5HJvR9Rc103baIYAFpsL6nK7jzWuNnw\\\/lntd1O6qYCI.jpg?size=130x69&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=2468586f97c450ddf91b4926460ac9ae&#038;type=album\",130,69],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-60.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/DwkpKgc5HJvR9Rc103baIYAFpsL6nK7jzWuNnw\\\/lntd1O6qYCI.jpg?size=604x319&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=c8afa6d99f3609777b66227b32cfc7e5&#038;type=album\",604,319],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-60.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/DwkpKgc5HJvR9Rc103baIYAFpsL6nK7jzWuNnw\\\/lntd1O6qYCI.jpg?size=807x427&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0026e9c0749081523b050115b5d81aff&#038;type=album\",807,427],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-60.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/DwkpKgc5HJvR9Rc103baIYAFpsL6nK7jzWuNnw\\\/lntd1O6qYCI.jpg?size=1280x677&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=cddb6c392386acb091a6fccecfbc2fde&#038;type=album\",1280,677]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-60.userapi.com\/impg\/DwkpKgc5HJvR9Rc103baIYAFpsL6nK7jzWuNnw\/lntd1O6qYCI.jpg?size=807x427&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0026e9c0749081523b050115b5d81aff&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21167\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<blockquote class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last\"><p><strong class=\"\">1918 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u00bb \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043d\u0430 17 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044f\u043a\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0421\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f 10 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 12 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-59.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/p5v2NdWSjbPVSb7OXrtzcFGpU9b_V5AQdztQ0g\\\/f0L2n4IfCME.jpg?size=75x50&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=a1f616bf7c8985ac1d70a8e613660994&#038;type=album\",75,50],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-59.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/p5v2NdWSjbPVSb7OXrtzcFGpU9b_V5AQdztQ0g\\\/f0L2n4IfCME.jpg?size=130x87&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=d42c31481dd15cda48e0c3927a3c0d8c&#038;type=album\",130,87],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-59.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/p5v2NdWSjbPVSb7OXrtzcFGpU9b_V5AQdztQ0g\\\/f0L2n4IfCME.jpg?size=604x403&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0c1ee7e6385dcc087c030bc83e11e6e6&#038;type=album\",604,403],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-59.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/p5v2NdWSjbPVSb7OXrtzcFGpU9b_V5AQdztQ0g\\\/f0L2n4IfCME.jpg?size=807x539&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=7df6874188fe45be25eb7a84c900c059&#038;type=album\",807,539],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-59.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/p5v2NdWSjbPVSb7OXrtzcFGpU9b_V5AQdztQ0g\\\/f0L2n4IfCME.jpg?size=1200x801&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8947b1535ac84c2aa7a8adad888e5ee9&#038;type=album\",1200,801]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-59.userapi.com\/impg\/p5v2NdWSjbPVSb7OXrtzcFGpU9b_V5AQdztQ0g\/f0L2n4IfCME.jpg?size=807x539&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=7df6874188fe45be25eb7a84c900c059&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21168\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0421\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u2013 \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0412 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-6.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/HVy2xJJEFJ6jWJ35gHI7oJw-Wkqy7IG-kbZnRQ\\\/1cXS7YtMMb0.jpg?size=75x48&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=3b6d4f7701e85d7b888c74de135b8903&#038;type=album\",75,48],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-6.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/HVy2xJJEFJ6jWJ35gHI7oJw-Wkqy7IG-kbZnRQ\\\/1cXS7YtMMb0.jpg?size=130x83&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=f5542f4af4ea5e0344e03ce34ed2bbd1&#038;type=album\",130,83],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-6.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/HVy2xJJEFJ6jWJ35gHI7oJw-Wkqy7IG-kbZnRQ\\\/1cXS7YtMMb0.jpg?size=604x384&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=c06d8c11a1e5eacf4bc80aa24dd27b10&#038;type=album\",604,384],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-6.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/HVy2xJJEFJ6jWJ35gHI7oJw-Wkqy7IG-kbZnRQ\\\/1cXS7YtMMb0.jpg?size=807x513&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=71391cd79690f7177bbad4b799d4d151&#038;type=album\",807,513],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-6.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/HVy2xJJEFJ6jWJ35gHI7oJw-Wkqy7IG-kbZnRQ\\\/1cXS7YtMMb0.jpg?size=1024x651&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=ff814abd221d182e68c69e7a99b91b27&#038;type=album\",1024,651]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-6.userapi.com\/impg\/HVy2xJJEFJ6jWJ35gHI7oJw-Wkqy7IG-kbZnRQ\/1cXS7YtMMb0.jpg?size=807x513&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=71391cd79690f7177bbad4b799d4d151&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21169\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0451\u0442 \u0432\u0432\u044b\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0451\u0431\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c-\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 1980 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432 1991. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 17 \u043a\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 20 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-76.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/lHu8ZULvOD0Lam9D1QPpeguFj8Dasz9DXSuHAw\\\/XCLDCBqRwzU.jpg?size=75x51&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=f13df410e3a34a59280c10948590c0d1&#038;type=album\",75,51],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-76.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/lHu8ZULvOD0Lam9D1QPpeguFj8Dasz9DXSuHAw\\\/XCLDCBqRwzU.jpg?size=130x89&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=de4ce4d10e27807c45c185b43b2a6d26&#038;type=album\",130,89],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-76.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/lHu8ZULvOD0Lam9D1QPpeguFj8Dasz9DXSuHAw\\\/XCLDCBqRwzU.jpg?size=604x415&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=e6e4406f8c01667b3ae0e0f72ea734df&#038;type=album\",604,415],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-76.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/lHu8ZULvOD0Lam9D1QPpeguFj8Dasz9DXSuHAw\\\/XCLDCBqRwzU.jpg?size=807x554&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=6c2ba8778ec7960b532edfab165b4204&#038;type=album\",807,554],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-76.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/lHu8ZULvOD0Lam9D1QPpeguFj8Dasz9DXSuHAw\\\/XCLDCBqRwzU.jpg?size=925x635&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=695b60d0c90d39aa71acfbd6547737d2&#038;type=album\",925,635]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-76.userapi.com\/impg\/lHu8ZULvOD0Lam9D1QPpeguFj8Dasz9DXSuHAw\/XCLDCBqRwzU.jpg?size=807x554&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=6c2ba8778ec7960b532edfab165b4204&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u211610\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last\">\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\"><p><strong class=\"\">\u0412 2002 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u042e\u041d\u0415\u0421\u041a\u041e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u0432 \u0422\u041e\u041f \u2013 12 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"1\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-14.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ntNeO4pQ9Sqg7mxfGIVTXWDIUFIEcrpSSdJfag\\\/8aIvECVMX8M.jpg?size=75x49&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=603174284b13dd7752e47bb901bbd719&#038;type=album\",75,49],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-14.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ntNeO4pQ9Sqg7mxfGIVTXWDIUFIEcrpSSdJfag\\\/8aIvECVMX8M.jpg?size=130x84&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=3bb80140d68b14af70fafd9d664f15b1&#038;type=album\",130,84],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-14.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ntNeO4pQ9Sqg7mxfGIVTXWDIUFIEcrpSSdJfag\\\/8aIvECVMX8M.jpg?size=604x391&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=d7d79e52857adb7966cc22c5e59d1b55&#038;type=album\",604,391],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-14.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ntNeO4pQ9Sqg7mxfGIVTXWDIUFIEcrpSSdJfag\\\/8aIvECVMX8M.jpg?size=807x523&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=5edb91924c1ed5222db1e6c1a3a0350d&#038;type=album\",807,523],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-14.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/ntNeO4pQ9Sqg7mxfGIVTXWDIUFIEcrpSSdJfag\\\/8aIvECVMX8M.jpg?size=1100x713&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=d91f2c52e66ff0a3fb83833ff9769602&#038;type=album\",1100,713]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-14.userapi.com\/impg\/ntNeO4pQ9Sqg7mxfGIVTXWDIUFIEcrpSSdJfag\/8aIvECVMX8M.jpg?size=604x391&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=d7d79e52857adb7966cc22c5e59d1b55&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u211611\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0412 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0435 \u2013 \u041f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430. \u0421 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433. \u0412 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u041d\u0438\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438: \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0414. \u041d. \u041c\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d-\u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u044f\u043a, \u041f. \u041f. \u0411\u0430\u0436\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e \u0410. \u0421. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0413. \u041a. \u0416\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043a \u041b. \u0418. \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0411. \u041d. \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"1\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/wAScbj84o7Z8IMORsNVAnedXSarJ5c6oKQkCCQ\\\/NkC5NHI71rI.jpg?size=75x50&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=7ebeefab9348982625e46d4ecbb810a5&#038;type=album\",75,50],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/wAScbj84o7Z8IMORsNVAnedXSarJ5c6oKQkCCQ\\\/NkC5NHI71rI.jpg?size=130x87&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=9019c495904f0572d70813bd343f0e82&#038;type=album\",130,87],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/wAScbj84o7Z8IMORsNVAnedXSarJ5c6oKQkCCQ\\\/NkC5NHI71rI.jpg?size=604x404&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=02595b4375770aabbdd56ae72a60f73d&#038;type=album\",604,404],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/wAScbj84o7Z8IMORsNVAnedXSarJ5c6oKQkCCQ\\\/NkC5NHI71rI.jpg?size=807x540&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=2fe72008161cdc0d2df8ef551b6e211e&#038;type=album\",807,540],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/wAScbj84o7Z8IMORsNVAnedXSarJ5c6oKQkCCQ\\\/NkC5NHI71rI.jpg?size=1280x856&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=11fd594cca7a7a8b55deb63fa2effe02&#038;type=album\",1280,856],\"w\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-17.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/wAScbj84o7Z8IMORsNVAnedXSarJ5c6oKQkCCQ\\\/NkC5NHI71rI.jpg?size=2560x1713&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=c982fd3037de703ded04b9d1bc0e2990&#038;type=album\",2560,1713]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-17.userapi.com\/impg\/wAScbj84o7Z8IMORsNVAnedXSarJ5c6oKQkCCQ\/NkC5NHI71rI.jpg?size=604x404&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=02595b4375770aabbdd56ae72a60f73d&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u211612\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last\">\u0412 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u042d\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0436-\u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b. \u0418 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a \u044d\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u042d\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last\">\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f 300 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438!<\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 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