{"id":14656,"date":"2023-07-28T11:39:12","date_gmt":"2023-07-28T08:39:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/?p=14656"},"modified":"2023-07-28T11:39:12","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T08:39:12","slug":"%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%bd%d1%8f-%d0%b2-%d0%be%d0%bf%d0%bc%d0%ba-%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%b0-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%85%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b8%d1%82-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/perspektiva-klab.ru\/en\/%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%bd%d1%8f-%d0%b2-%d0%be%d0%bf%d0%bc%d0%ba-%d0%bf%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%81%d0%bf%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%b2%d0%b0-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%85%d0%be%d0%b4%d0%b8%d1%82-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u041e\u041f\u041c\u041a &#8220;\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430&#8221; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 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decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-13.userapi.com\/impg\/AwLRtDQ4ImLe3VKgmXMlp51w1WmPl5kCLO6EYQ\/AOi0lZF1kC0.jpg?size=807x532&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=ed63753c0448fa4e227069188c163d20&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u00ab\u0412\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21161\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 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\u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0451\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439. \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u2013 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0449\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-79.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/FzTH0AXplAr6MaVLrTl5w6HrIdwgXyhqk7izNw\\\/VklcI_66WO4.jpg?size=75x54&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=4f0b2c68d2d24bbce3cb0da06a84073b&#038;type=album\",75,54],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-79.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/FzTH0AXplAr6MaVLrTl5w6HrIdwgXyhqk7izNw\\\/VklcI_66WO4.jpg?size=130x93&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=b94904ab368e5c3d07bfb2a7ef62b67e&#038;type=album\",130,93],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-79.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/FzTH0AXplAr6MaVLrTl5w6HrIdwgXyhqk7izNw\\\/VklcI_66WO4.jpg?size=604x432&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=bef38a46990f2f975393fba7de534818&#038;type=album\",604,432],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-79.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/FzTH0AXplAr6MaVLrTl5w6HrIdwgXyhqk7izNw\\\/VklcI_66WO4.jpg?size=807x578&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=619f1d8e608a8ff8fb8aa889e813ce53&#038;type=album\",807,578],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-79.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/FzTH0AXplAr6MaVLrTl5w6HrIdwgXyhqk7izNw\\\/VklcI_66WO4.jpg?size=1024x733&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=e0ff819efaae0f8d82b4b8dacc002df2&#038;type=album\",1024,733]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-79.userapi.com\/impg\/FzTH0AXplAr6MaVLrTl5w6HrIdwgXyhqk7izNw\/VklcI_66WO4.jpg?size=807x578&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=619f1d8e608a8ff8fb8aa889e813ce53&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u00ab\u0412\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21162\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u041f\u0451\u0442\u0440 I \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430, \u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u044f\u0433 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e: \u00ab\u0421 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0433 \u0438 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433!\u00bb<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"1\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-73.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3FoNBFlhAzw_FWQQn1rZ9EMLYmbICy72KzdkkA\\\/btAbFLSG9ls.jpg?size=75x45&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=ac068a6b4ea6ab81d382833ef77a58fd&#038;type=album\",75,45],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-73.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3FoNBFlhAzw_FWQQn1rZ9EMLYmbICy72KzdkkA\\\/btAbFLSG9ls.jpg?size=130x78&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0a509974d5451caa56b70d659d3efcf3&#038;type=album\",130,78],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-73.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3FoNBFlhAzw_FWQQn1rZ9EMLYmbICy72KzdkkA\\\/btAbFLSG9ls.jpg?size=604x362&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=b51cd7f187b2fa504ecb0a10c76d4866&#038;type=album\",604,362],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-73.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3FoNBFlhAzw_FWQQn1rZ9EMLYmbICy72KzdkkA\\\/btAbFLSG9ls.jpg?size=807x483&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=624a29930899f55099194cc14a227876&#038;type=album\",807,483],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-73.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3FoNBFlhAzw_FWQQn1rZ9EMLYmbICy72KzdkkA\\\/btAbFLSG9ls.jpg?size=1000x599&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=0eca004526fecea3b3aceb5bfa31ce1e&#038;type=album\",1000,599]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-73.userapi.com\/impg\/3FoNBFlhAzw_FWQQn1rZ9EMLYmbICy72KzdkkA\/btAbFLSG9ls.jpg?size=604x362&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=b51cd7f187b2fa504ecb0a10c76d4866&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u00ab\u0412\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21163\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">18 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1703 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 30 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u043f\u043e\u043a \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0436 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u041d\u0435\u0432\u044b, \u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u044f\u0447\u044c\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u041f\u0451\u0442\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u0435\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 1731 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u041e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"1\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-25.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/OxJLbFYvVDtbpBaeubaYRmrMkOGm7Ic2u64D-w\\\/BBn0sNgWXwk.jpg?size=56x75&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=ca8f99c3caa2d0035cd09534b55f690e&#038;type=album\",56,75],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-25.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/OxJLbFYvVDtbpBaeubaYRmrMkOGm7Ic2u64D-w\\\/BBn0sNgWXwk.jpg?size=97x130&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=c67468748d4284eadb1ddb3388de51de&#038;type=album\",97,130],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-25.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/OxJLbFYvVDtbpBaeubaYRmrMkOGm7Ic2u64D-w\\\/BBn0sNgWXwk.jpg?size=453x604&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=926d715dd25fed5dc2c5ecbe2e20ab6f&#038;type=album\",453,604],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-25.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/OxJLbFYvVDtbpBaeubaYRmrMkOGm7Ic2u64D-w\\\/BBn0sNgWXwk.jpg?size=605x807&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8653e0206a08c2cc54cfe6b0e8e8d192&#038;type=album\",605,807],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-25.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/OxJLbFYvVDtbpBaeubaYRmrMkOGm7Ic2u64D-w\\\/BBn0sNgWXwk.jpg?size=768x1024&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8d14dd4b00472d47e2078c7c68196828&#038;type=album\",768,1024]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-25.userapi.com\/impg\/OxJLbFYvVDtbpBaeubaYRmrMkOGm7Ic2u64D-w\/BBn0sNgWXwk.jpg?size=453x604&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=926d715dd25fed5dc2c5ecbe2e20ab6f&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u00ab\u0412\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21164\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0412 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u0435 1783 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044e\u0433\u043e-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c \u2013 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0427\u0451\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0421 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0421 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0451\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XVIII &#8211; \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0431\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0412 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u00ab\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u00ab\u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u00bb.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-carousel-inited=\"1\" data-carousel-id=\"1\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_photo_carousel\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-40.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3DBfl-asDFg3UlrBB9cS4fS-GrlhKvhi_R9lig\\\/SDhaGNc1KgY.jpg?size=75x40&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8932c466f42138edfa8ac0d9b798350d&#038;type=album\",75,40],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-40.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3DBfl-asDFg3UlrBB9cS4fS-GrlhKvhi_R9lig\\\/SDhaGNc1KgY.jpg?size=130x69&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=1ba58a69e63c8e8cc9ab2b33ac859ac7&#038;type=album\",130,69],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-40.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3DBfl-asDFg3UlrBB9cS4fS-GrlhKvhi_R9lig\\\/SDhaGNc1KgY.jpg?size=604x318&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=56f0da4e523ad50dbfb76cbaec54b723&#038;type=album\",604,318],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-40.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3DBfl-asDFg3UlrBB9cS4fS-GrlhKvhi_R9lig\\\/SDhaGNc1KgY.jpg?size=807x425&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=06ec06033e24180cbc35cd5c12eb782a&#038;type=album\",807,425],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-40.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3DBfl-asDFg3UlrBB9cS4fS-GrlhKvhi_R9lig\\\/SDhaGNc1KgY.jpg?size=1280x675&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=887ec14ae6721b05d7b42bd029d04fe1&#038;type=album\",1280,675],\"w\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-40.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/3DBfl-asDFg3UlrBB9cS4fS-GrlhKvhi_R9lig\\\/SDhaGNc1KgY.jpg?size=1561x823&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=723b6cdc8ee0a616985acf23603adb3c&#038;type=album\",1561,823]},{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-72.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/maysDb_6m5kuKtGdoBGWK3W4xYmGGJyBx_DUKQ\\\/9fOReEkYNiI.jpg?size=75x75&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=37d84505b205e13e9fff01a9969cb41f&#038;type=album\",75,75],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-72.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/maysDb_6m5kuKtGdoBGWK3W4xYmGGJyBx_DUKQ\\\/9fOReEkYNiI.jpg?size=130x130&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=06ab4182038581ca408d3c41bbb86cb6&#038;type=album\",130,130],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-72.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/maysDb_6m5kuKtGdoBGWK3W4xYmGGJyBx_DUKQ\\\/9fOReEkYNiI.jpg?size=604x604&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=8dc7f5bf214af07e483032232ef03a28&#038;type=album\",604,604],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-72.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/maysDb_6m5kuKtGdoBGWK3W4xYmGGJyBx_DUKQ\\\/9fOReEkYNiI.jpg?size=807x807&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=bdd609a0bc51fd666560190bb6cef5fc&#038;type=album\",807,807],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-72.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/maysDb_6m5kuKtGdoBGWK3W4xYmGGJyBx_DUKQ\\\/9fOReEkYNiI.jpg?size=1280x1280&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=410721f6b7ebc902c830dd1ba5481659&#038;type=album\",1280,1280],\"w\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-72.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/maysDb_6m5kuKtGdoBGWK3W4xYmGGJyBx_DUKQ\\\/9fOReEkYNiI.jpg?size=2560x2560&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=285cede969a339899de8ae3706f683b6&#038;type=album\",2560,2560]},{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-35.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/4d_IMI3LSe-0Kh9OHNcPma75asiOKJjLBvKBTA\\\/_m79aC67IiU.jpg?size=75x60&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=91291d4324f41d0e2ad09ef589e34fcf&#038;type=album\",75,60],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-35.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/4d_IMI3LSe-0Kh9OHNcPma75asiOKJjLBvKBTA\\\/_m79aC67IiU.jpg?size=130x104&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=732a91ad62ab2de32665dad343a79235&#038;type=album\",130,104],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-35.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/4d_IMI3LSe-0Kh9OHNcPma75asiOKJjLBvKBTA\\\/_m79aC67IiU.jpg?size=604x482&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=515e99b4a6df2da032e3bb8b13ddc540&#038;type=album\",604,482],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-35.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/4d_IMI3LSe-0Kh9OHNcPma75asiOKJjLBvKBTA\\\/_m79aC67IiU.jpg?size=807x645&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=52fd2c43cea7c0e58aaf7f01074fee0f&#038;type=album\",807,645],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-35.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/4d_IMI3LSe-0Kh9OHNcPma75asiOKJjLBvKBTA\\\/_m79aC67IiU.jpg?size=1280x1022&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=cdb04e25eae003fd4daf1413581296f4&#038;type=album\",1280,1022],\"w\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-35.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/4d_IMI3LSe-0Kh9OHNcPma75asiOKJjLBvKBTA\\\/_m79aC67IiU.jpg?size=2560x2045&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=3cc10894c3875b639e15fce505100406&#038;type=album\",2560,2045]}]\" data-should-disable-carousel-animation=\"0\">\n<div class=\"article_photo_carousel_inner\">\n<div class=\"article_carousel_img_wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_carousel_img\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-40.userapi.com\/impg\/3DBfl-asDFg3UlrBB9cS4fS-GrlhKvhi_R9lig\/SDhaGNc1KgY.jpg?size=807x425&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=06ec06033e24180cbc35cd5c12eb782a&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u00ab\u0412\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21165\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"article_carousel_img_wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_carousel_img\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-72.userapi.com\/impg\/maysDb_6m5kuKtGdoBGWK3W4xYmGGJyBx_DUKQ\/9fOReEkYNiI.jpg?size=807x807&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=bdd609a0bc51fd666560190bb6cef5fc&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u00ab\u0412\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21166\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"article_carousel_img_wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_carousel_img\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-35.userapi.com\/impg\/4d_IMI3LSe-0Kh9OHNcPma75asiOKJjLBvKBTA\/_m79aC67IiU.jpg?size=807x645&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=52fd2c43cea7c0e58aaf7f01074fee0f&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u00ab\u0412\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21167\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_photo_carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"article_photo_carousel__controls\">\n<div class=\"article_photo_carousel__right\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\",\"\",\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-73.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/7-sHFVWoeucPM1dByzaA1D8vwnw8SSNKUU5qAw\\\/3qvEG2tNpEk.jpg?size=75x48&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=4688dbda5598c81db283d9db5a1ecdb6&#038;type=album\",75,48],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-73.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/7-sHFVWoeucPM1dByzaA1D8vwnw8SSNKUU5qAw\\\/3qvEG2tNpEk.jpg?size=130x84&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=a160e501616ec15e76228d6531bc76f1&#038;type=album\",130,84],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-73.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/7-sHFVWoeucPM1dByzaA1D8vwnw8SSNKUU5qAw\\\/3qvEG2tNpEk.jpg?size=604x388&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=74b16b36df5343d34f3d348f1f642502&#038;type=album\",604,388],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-73.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/7-sHFVWoeucPM1dByzaA1D8vwnw8SSNKUU5qAw\\\/3qvEG2tNpEk.jpg?size=807x518&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=29eb5a33a27da6224f5b64830c1e3c9b&#038;type=album\",807,518],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-73.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/7-sHFVWoeucPM1dByzaA1D8vwnw8SSNKUU5qAw\\\/3qvEG2tNpEk.jpg?size=1200x771&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=9c5df755b6a3987499f64ea4a09f2af0&#038;type=album\",1200,771]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-73.userapi.com\/impg\/7-sHFVWoeucPM1dByzaA1D8vwnw8SSNKUU5qAw\/3qvEG2tNpEk.jpg?size=807x518&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=29eb5a33a27da6224f5b64830c1e3c9b&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u00ab\u0412\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21168\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u0412 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0412\u041c\u0424 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0412\u041c\u0424 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0441\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a, \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2013 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0412\u041c\u0424 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442: \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<p class=\" article_decoration_last article_decoration_before\">\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0451\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0435\u0440 I-\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0410\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article_decoration_first article_decoration_last \" data-type=\"101\" data-mode=\"0\" data-done=\"1\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_content\">\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer_content\">\n<div class=\"article_object_sizer_wrap\" data-sizes=\"[{\"s\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-58.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/iOeUFy_CTtU7GXS_UbD1iF6uWzKer5hIT8lqCw\\\/10fPmr5mnA4.jpg?size=75x42&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=53d71e5ae3dd2d45fa5916fee465bade&#038;type=album\",75,42],\"m\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-58.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/iOeUFy_CTtU7GXS_UbD1iF6uWzKer5hIT8lqCw\\\/10fPmr5mnA4.jpg?size=130x73&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=e86eecf26d2d3ee873e1569233225bb6&#038;type=album\",130,73],\"x\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-58.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/iOeUFy_CTtU7GXS_UbD1iF6uWzKer5hIT8lqCw\\\/10fPmr5mnA4.jpg?size=604x340&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=bfbde46de08bd5c1f5144e8491628cf0&#038;type=album\",604,340],\"y\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-58.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/iOeUFy_CTtU7GXS_UbD1iF6uWzKer5hIT8lqCw\\\/10fPmr5mnA4.jpg?size=807x454&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=ba7e6f65d4f1490147dc842064adbc70&#038;type=album\",807,454],\"z\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-58.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/iOeUFy_CTtU7GXS_UbD1iF6uWzKer5hIT8lqCw\\\/10fPmr5mnA4.jpg?size=1280x720&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=adb2e8a089a81b3a716b8a300d0d9721&#038;type=album\",1280,720],\"w\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/sun9-58.userapi.com\\\/impg\\\/iOeUFy_CTtU7GXS_UbD1iF6uWzKer5hIT8lqCw\\\/10fPmr5mnA4.jpg?size=1920x1080&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=564e4049c24800ce0b1756f0b9a6bd70&#038;type=album\",1920,1080]}]\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article_object_sizer_inner\" src=\"https:\/\/sun9-58.userapi.com\/impg\/iOeUFy_CTtU7GXS_UbD1iF6uWzKer5hIT8lqCw\/10fPmr5mnA4.jpg?size=807x454&#038;quality=95&#038;sign=ba7e6f65d4f1490147dc842064adbc70&#038;type=album\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u00ab\u0412\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21169\" data-baseurl=\"\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article_figure_sizer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption data-captions=\"[\"\"]\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"article_decoration_first\">\u00ab\u0410\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430 XIX-XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u041a\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u00ab\u0410\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0426\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0432 1948 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043d \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 1939 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u2013 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">\u0421 1920 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043a 18 \u043c\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0414\u0435\u043d\u044c \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 1703 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0412\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0414\u0435\u043d\u044c 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